课程内容

《代词》
人称代词与物主代词
人称代词
1.在使用人称代词时，要注意其人称、数和格的一致，如：
Jim and I saw the man passing by.
Between you and me,he stole a lot of money from somewhere.(私下跟你说吧，不知他从哪里偷了一大笔钱呢。）
2.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not后，多用宾格。
-I like English.-我喜欢英语
-Me too.-我也喜欢
3.当说话者不清楚或不必要知道说话对象的性别时，可以用it代替。如：
It's a lovely baby.Is it a boy or a girl?
这是个可爱的宝宝。是男孩还是女孩？
物主代词
形容词性的物主代词修饰名词，不能独用；名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词-'s所有格结构，例如：
This is my book.    That book is mine.
Theirs is a vey lage university.
另外，在动名词前常加上形容词性的物主代词构成动名词的复合结构。如：
Would you mind my opening the window?
反身代词
反身代词通常作宾语、表语和同位语
a.作宾语：
We enjoyed ourselves very much laat night.
Please help yourself to sme fish.
That little boy can't take care of himself.
b.作表语：be oneself:
I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。
c.作同位语
The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。
不定代词的用法
A one,that,it 和the one
one用来代替上文提到的或者相类似的另一人或物（泛指），只指代可数名词。 a+可数名词单数，用one.复数为ones.
若下文替代者为另一特指，用the+(adj.)+one
若下文替代为复数形式 ，用the ahj. ones=those
替代词that一般代指特指意义的可数或不可数名词，后面通常有of或其他介词短语
it和that都替代“the+单数名词（可数或不可数）”，都是特指，但it指前面提到的“同一”事物，而that 是指前面提到的“同类”事物。
I can't find my hat.I think I must buy one.(不定）我找不到我的帽子了，我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个）
你买的拿顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't find my hat,I don't know where I put it.(同一物）
我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
B  another/other/the other/others/the others
1)another 修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“（三个或三个以上的）另一个”
2）the other 表示“两者中的另一个”
3）“other+复数名词（或用others）泛指”其他的（别的）人或物“（并不有意强调全部)
4)"the other+复数可数名词”（或用the others)表示“其余的全部...”:
He got two books;one is textbook,the other is a novel.
Five of the pencils are red,the others (the other pens)are yellow.
Some are singing,others are dancing.
This coat is too dark.Please show me another.
C no one/none;nothing
1.no one和none
a）none后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而no one 指单独使用，只指人。
b)none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语，位谓语动词只能是单数
None of you could lift it.你们中没有人可举起它。
-Did any one call me up just now? -No noe.
2.none 和nothing
none只指量，指所指的一类人或物种一个都没有；
nothing 泛指，什么东西都不存在。后面不接of 短语。如：
-Are there any eggs in the fridge?
-None.In fact,there is nothing in the fridge.
D  every 和each
1)evey 强调全体的概念，each强调个体概念。
Every student in our school works hard.
Each student may have one book.
2)every 指三个以上的人或物（含三个），each指两个以上的人或物（含两个）
3）every只作形容词，不可单独使用。each 可作代词或形容词
Every student has to take one.
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
4)every不可以作同位语，each 可以。
We each have a glass to drink water with.
E both,either,neither,all,any,none
1)both（两者都），either(两者中任何一个），neither (两者都不）。以上词适用范围为两个人或物。
Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。
注意both,either的用法区别
both 与复数连用，either 与单数连用。
Both the boys are clever.Either of the two boys is clever.
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
There are flowers on either side of the treet.
2)all(所有的，全部的人或物），any(任何一个），none （都不）。以上词适用范围三者以上。
All the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了。
I don't like any of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。
I like none of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。
注意：all与none 用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；跟复数名词，用复数动词。
All of the students are there.
All (of) the milk is there.
F 全部否定与部分否定
all,both,everyone,everybody,everything,everywhere等不定代词与not连用，不管not 放在它们之前还是之后都表示部分否定。
no one,neither,none,nobedy,nothing,noe...any等均表示全部否定。
Not all of them smoke.=All of them don't smoke.他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。
All the boys are clever,but none of them can solve this problem.这些男孩都很聪明，但是它们当中没有一人能解出这道题。
G few,little,a few,a little,a bit
(a) few+可数名词
（a） little+不可数名词
a few/a little 为肯定含义，还有一点
few/little 为否定含义，没有多少了
a bit of+不可数名词
not a little=much   not a bit=not at all
We are not a little tired because we have been working  for almist twenty hours.
Although he had walked a long way,he didn't feel tired a bit.
it 的用法
1.it作人称代词，代替前面提到的事物。
2.it 指代时间，季节，距离，金钱等
3.it作形式宾语，常用在6123结构中（think,find,make,believe...)
4.it作形式主语，当动名词，不定式，从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语
5.It is...that...的强调句型
6.与it有关的一些固定搭配
1.代替上文中提到的人或事物。指代人时，一般用于小孩或身份不明的人。例如：
-Who is the bady? -It's my teacher's son.
-Who is that gentleman?
-It's my friend,Tom.He (不可用it) wants to see you.
2.用于表达天气、环境、时间、距离、季节等
It's half an hour's walk from here to our school.
It is nice and warm here.But it's two o'clock now,and it's time for us to go to school.
注意下列几种表示时间的句型
①It is time(about time,high time)that...
It is high time that we left.
②It is the first(second...)time that...
It is the first time that I have been praised.
③It is ...since...
It is three years since they got married.
④It is /was ...when...
It was 1949 when the PRC was founded.
⑤It is/was ...before...
It will be two years before we meet again.
3.it作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为“6123结构”
6指主句中常用的动词：think,believe,make,find,consider,feel
1指的是形式宾语it
2指的是宾补的两种形式：形容词或名词
3.指的是真正宾语的三种形式：不定式短语，动名词短语或that 引导的宾语从句
14.The doctor thought (D) would be good for you to have a holiday.
A this  B that   C one   D it
it作形式主语时的几个常见句型：
①It is kind (of sb.)to do sth.
该句型中的不定式如果须要逻辑主语，则须要前置介词of，而句型中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词，常见的油：bad,brave,careless,clever,cruel,foolish,goo(好心的），honest,horrible,kind,lazy,modest,naughty,nice(有教养的),polite,rude,silly,stupid,wise,wrong
这个句型可以改写为：sb. is kind to do sth.
②It takes sb...to do sth.“做...要花某人...”
It took me ages to repair my computer.
③It is no good(use) doing tsh.
该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语，主句的表语可以是no good,no use,no value,no importance...
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
④It doesn't matter whether (if)...
不论（是否）...没关系...
It doesn't matter whether he is for my plan or not.
⑤It happens(seems appears)that...
It happened that I had seen his problem in some book.
⑥It is said(reported,learned...)that...
“据说”（据报道，据悉...）
It is said that he has gone to New York to sttend a medical meeting.
⑦It is a pity (a shame...)that...
It is a pity that we have lost the match with a close score.
⑧It is important (necessary,right,strange,natural...)that...
记住that后的从句应用虚拟语气（should+动词原形），should可以省去
⑨It is suggested(ordered...)that...
that 后的从句要用虚拟语气（should+动词原形），should可以省，常译为“据建议：有命令...）
⑩It is up to sb. to do sth.
该句型为“该由某人做...”该句型中up后的to是介词。
It is up to him to clean our classroom today.
今天应由他作教室清洁。
It is up to parents to teach their children manners.该由父母教孩子礼貌。
5.It is+被情调部分+that...
主语：It is not until+被强调部分+that...强调“直到...才...”，需将not置于until之前
1）-Who is making so much noise in the garden?
-(A) the children.
A it is     B Theny are   C that is   D There are
2)Who was(C) that called him "conrade"?
A her    B that    C it    D one
6.与it相关的一些固定的搭配
1）depend on it that...可以指望/相信
2)When it comes to (doing )sth.当涉及到/谈到...
3）It/That(all) depends.视情况而定
4）Don't mention it.不用谢
5）That's it.对了，正是
6)Keep it up.再接再厉
7）Believe it or not.信不信由你
8）see to it that...记得，别忘了，确保
9）make it 办得到，做成功