课程内容
《语法专题-虚拟语气》
二、虚拟语气
虚拟语气是一种动词形式,表示说话人的一种愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义,虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。包括两种情况:与事实相反,纯属假设;虽然还不是事实,但可能变为事实。
一状语从句中的虚拟语气(一)if 条件句状语中的虚拟语气
与现在事实相反 从句:用动词的过去式(be 的过去式一般用were),主句:用would/should/could/might+动词原形
与过去事实相反 从句:用had+过去分词,主句:用would/should/could/might+have+过去分词
与将来事实相反 从句:用动词过去式,should+动词原形,were to +动词原形,主句:用ould/should/could/might+动词原形
翻译下列句子,指出虚拟语气主、从句对应的时间
1.If she knew English,she would not ask me for help.
如果她懂英语的话,她不会找我帮忙的。
(从句与现在事实相反,主句与现在事实相反。)
2.If you should go to the moon tomorrow,what would you take with you?
假如明天你去月球,你会带什么去?
(从句与将来事实相反,主句与将来事实相反。)
3.If I had been more careful,I would have taken the first place in the maths contest.
假如我再细心些,我就在这次的数学竞赛中获一等奖了。(从句与过去事实相反,主句与过去事实相反。)
4.If they had studied hard,they could do it easily now.
如果他们以前努力学习的话,现在做就会容易些。
从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反(混合时间)
5.Had he known her address,he would heve gone to visit her.
如果他知道她的地址,他回去看她的。
从句(倒装)与过去事实相反,主句与过去事实相反。
注意:有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致(表示错综时间的虚拟语气),这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如:If you (had listened)to the doctor,you (would be)all right now.
如果你当初听了医生的话,身体现在就好了(从句动作指过去,主句动作指现在)
1.主从句时间不一致时,主从句谓语动词的表达形式采用组装法,即从句对应什么时间就用相对应的表达式,同样主句对应什么时间也用相对用的表达式。
2.在虚拟条件状语从句中,如果含有had,should或were时,可将if 省略,讲这些词提前。
Had he known her address,he would have gone to visit her.
二 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
宾语从句中的虚拟语气主要有三种情况:
1.表示建议,命令,请求,要求,意图含义等的动词suggest,advise,insist,order,command,require,request,demand,ask,prefer等引导宾语从句时,宾语从句用虚拟语气,句式结构为主语+should+动词原形,其中should可以省略。但要should 表“暗示,表面”,insist表示“坚决认为,坚持说”时,宾语从句用实际陈述语气。
(1)The teacher suggested that we [(Should) make ](make)good use of every minute here.
(2)His silence suggested he [didn't agree](not agree)to our new plan.
2.wish之后的便于从句,表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望,常用虚拟语气。其主要形式有三种:
对现在情况的虚拟 wish+主语+动词过去式(be用were)
对过去情况的虚拟 wish+主语+had+过去分词
对将来情况的虚拟 wish+主语+would+动词原形
(1)I wish [had seen](see) her lat night.
(2)The little girl wishes she [had](have)a paor of wings.
(3)I wish I[would go](go)to Mars to explore space.
3.would rather引导的宾语从句,从句为过去时间,动词用had done;从句为现在时间,动词用一般过去式(be用were);从句是将来时间,动词用一般过去式。
(1)I'd rather you [had seen](see) the film yesterday.
(2)I'd rather you [were](be) here now.
(3)We'd rather you[went](go)here tomorrow.
三 主语从句的虚拟语气(句式主要有三种)
1.在It is important necessary that...等主语从句中,从句谓语动词用should+动词原形,should此时表达“应该”的意思。
2.在It is amazing(strange,surprising,astonising,a pity,a shame)that 从句中有时也用should,此时表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感,常含有“竟然”之意。
若不用虚拟语气则不带感情色彩,比较:
It's a pity that he failed the exam.他考试没几个,真是遗憾。
It's a pity that he shoud have failed the exam.他考试竟然没及格,真是遗憾。
3.It is(was) ordered (suggested,required,requested)that 从句中,从句谓语动词用should+动词原形。should此时表达“应该”的意思。
根据汉语提示完成下列句子
(1)It is necessary that I [should return](return) it right now.我有必要马上把它还回去。
(2)It's strange that he[should be] (be) so rude.他竟然如此无礼,真是奇怪。
(3)It was ordered that the room [(should) be cleaned](clean).按要求这间房要打扫。
四 表语从句中的虚拟语气
1.The+名词+is/was that表语从句
这些名词是表示请求、要求、命令、建议等意义的名词如:advice,desire,decision,idea,instrustion,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wish等。表语从句的虚拟语气结构为:(should)+动词原形。
2.It looks as if 表语从句
如表达的与现在事实相反用过去式,与过去事实相反用过去完成时。不过,要注意如果表达的内容是真实可信的,则用直陈语气,使用实际时态。如:It is getting dark.It looks as if it is going to rain.天变暗了,看来要下雨了(迹象表明要下雨,根据经验判断此种情况下通常会下雨)。
翻译下列句子,找出表语从句中的虚拟语气表达形式
1.His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully.
他的建议就是我们的工作应该更细心些。
(表语从句中的虚拟语气表达形式为:(should)+动词原形。)2.It looks as if the old man were the king of the zoo,
看起来米老人就像动物园的国王。
(表语从句中的虚拟语气表达形式为:主语+过去式。)
五 同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在“名词+hat..."同位语从句中,如果名词为表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词如:advice建议,demand 要求,desire 愿望,decision 决定,idea 意见,motion 提议,order 命令,proposal提议,requirement 要求,request请求,regulation 规章,suggestion 建议等名词时,其同位语从句要用虚拟语气结构:主语+(should)+动词原形
用同位语从句翻译下列句子,注意同位语从句的位于动词形式
我们应该采取措施唤醒环保意识,他这个建议为大家所接受。
六 定语从句中的虚拟语气
定语从句中的虚拟语气比较少见,在“是做某事的时候了”句式中,从句谓语动词用should do或过去式
翻译下列句子,指出定语从句中的虚拟语气表达形式
是搞大扫除的时候了。
It is about/high time that we had/should have a thorough cleaning.
七 含蓄条件句
翻译下列句子,并将含蓄条件句改为if 条件句
1.To have studied harder,you would have passed the examination.假如你学习更用功些,你就考试及格了。(To have studied harder=If you had studied harder)
2.(1)Given more time,I would have done it better.假若多给些时间,我会做得更好。
(Given time=If I had been given more time)
(2)Failing this time,what would you do?
假若这次失败了,那你怎么办?
(Failing this time=if you failed this time)
3.(1)Another word,and I would punish you.
你再说一句话,我就惩罚你。
(Another word=If you said another word)
(2)A few hours earlier,and you would have been the famous writer.
要是你早来几个小时,你就见到这位著名的作家了。
(A few hours earlier=If you had come a few hours earlier,you ...)
4.I would have attended her wedding ceremony,but I was so occupied.
本想参加她的婚礼的,但当时我太忙。
(but I was so occupied=if I hadn't been so occupied)
5.Don't bother to read all these papers,It would take too long.
不要费事看所有这些文件了,那会花太多时间。
(Don't bother to read all these papers...=If you read all these papers,it...)
6.(1)But for your help we couldn't have succeeded in the experiment.
如果没有你的帮助,我们的实验是不会成功的。
(But for your help=If it hadn't been for your heip)
(2)I would be still working on the problem without your help.
如果你当时不帮我,我现在还在解决这个问题呢。
(without your help=If you han't helped me)
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丁老师
女,中教高级职称
高三英语中心组成员,市名师、市学科带头人、市骨干教师。长期担任高三毕业班英语教学。