课程内容
高中英语《生活好了 Unit 1 Living well（part 3）》(选修7)
动词不定式的特征和种类
动词不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。
A 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
He appears to be very happy.他看起来好像很高兴。（同时发生）
B 不定式的进行式
不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语词同时发生的动作。
It happened to be raining when I got there.
我到达那里的时候，天碰巧在下雨。
C 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。
I'm sorry to have lost your key.
我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。
D 不定式的完成进行式
不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。
I'm sorry to have been interrupting you.很抱歉，我一直打扰你。
E 不定式的被动形式
当不定式逻辑的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不一定一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和完成时两种。
1.一般式  to be done
These are the books to be given out to the students.这些是要发给学生的书。
2.完成式  to have been done
The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.根据这部小说已被译成多种语言。
F 不定式的否定形式
不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成
We decided not to go out because of the bad weather.
由于天气不好，我们决定不出去。
Never to have made any mistake is impossible.
从不犯错是不可能的。
注意：谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义
I did not promise to wake him up.我没有答应叫醒他。
I promised not to wake him up.我答应了不叫醒他。
动词不定式的用法
A 动词不定式作主语
不定式具有名词的特征，可在句子中充当主语。
1.不定式短语在句首作主语
To say is one thing and to do it another.说是一回事，做又是一回事。
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.爱与被爱是一个人能获得的最大幸福。
2.用it作形式主语
It's rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.背对着老师，拒绝回答问题是不礼貌的。
B 动词不定式作表语
不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的
What he hoped was to be admitted into the university.他希望能被大学录取。
注意：
有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的。
She is to blame.她应该受到责备。
The house is to let.此房出租。
C 动词不定式作宾语
不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语，也可以充当but和except等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。
1.作动词的宾语
①不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。
Father likes to listen to music in silence.
父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。
②在feel,find,make,think,consider等动词后，如果宾语带有宾语补足语时，人们常常用it作形式宾语，而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。
She made it a rule to get up at five.
她养成了五点起床的习惯。
2.作介词的宾语
不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。
He had no choice but to sit there as usual.
他没有什么选择，只好像往常一样坐在那儿。
There is nothing we can do but wait.
我们只能耐心等待。
3.作形容词的宾语
①句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。这类形容词有able,afraid,angry,anxious,careful,clever,condent等。
I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse.很遗憾，他的情况每况愈下。
She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town.她不满足在一个小镇里过默默无闻的生活。
John was happy to be given the job.约翰得到这份工作很高兴。
②句子的主语时不定式的逻辑宾语。这类形容词有easy,hard,cheap,expensive,dangerous,difficult等。
The water is not fit to drink.这水不适于饮用。
She is hard to get along with.她这个人很难相处。
注意：在这种结构中，如果不定式是不及物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。
The river is dangerous to swim in.在这条河里游泳很危险。
A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on.
席梦思床垫睡上去很舒服。
C 动词不定式作宾语补足语
1.在表示感觉的动词后作宾语补足语，并且不定式都不带to.这类动词有:see,hear,feel,watch,notice,observe,look at,listen to 等
I heard them sing yeaterday.昨天我听见他们唱歌了。
Did you see him go out？你看见他出去了吗？
I felt something crawl up my leg.我感到有什么东西爬到我腿上了。
注意：转为被动语态时，原不带to的不定式要变成带to的不定式。notice与watch没有被动语态。
We saw the car stop.
The car was seen to stop.我们看见这辆车停了下来.
这类动词还有：make,let,have等（have没有被动语态）
3.在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：consider,think,believe,discover,find,imagine,judge,suppose,prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是"to be+形容词或名词",find后的to be常可省略。
We consider him (to be )a good teacher.我们认为他是一个好老师。
4.在表示情感状态的动词后接宾语补足语。这类动词有：love,like,prefer,hate,want,wish,expect等
I'd prefer you to leave him alone.我希望你不要打扰他。
I don't want there to be any trouble.我不想有任何麻烦。
E  动词不定式作定语
1.主谓关系
The future to greet us will be bright.我们的未来会十分美好的。
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.
他总是第一个来最后一个离开。
2.动宾关系
The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve.
老师给我们留了许多道题要解答。
He can find no one to make friends with.
他找不到可交朋友的人。
注意：由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，因此，如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。
She has a child to take care of.她有一个孩子要照看。
I've got a lot of things to see to this morning.
今天上午我有许多事情要处理。
3.同位关系
He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly.
他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母写信。
4.修饰关系
Now it is time to begin our class.
现在是上课的时间了。
I need somewhere to take a nap.
我需要一个地方打个盹。
F 动词不定式作状语
1.表示目的
To save the child,he laid down his life.
为了救那个孩子，他献出了生命。
2.表示结果
He got the station only to find the train had gone.
他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。
What have I said to make you so angry.
我说了什么话使你气成这样？
After the meeting,they parted,never to see each other again.
散会后，他们分手了，从此再也没有见面。
3.表示原因
I was a fool not to lsiten to you at that time.
我当时不听你的话，真是傻瓜。
She wept to find him in such a difficult situation.
看到他处于这么困难的情形，她哭了。
4.表示条件
A man would be blind not to see that.
一个人如果看不到这点，那他就是瞎子。
How can you watch the train to start so late？
这么晚才动身，你怎么能赶上火车？
1.My teacher was made (B)his teaching because of poor health.
A giving up       B to give up      C give up     D given up
2.The sentence wants (D)once more.
A explained   B to explain     C being explained   D to be explained
3.The Arctic is considered (C)the northern part of the Atlantic.
A having been   B to have been     C to be    D being
4.-The light in the office is still on.
-Oh,I forgot (C).
A turning it off     B turn it off     C to turn it off     D having turned it off
5.The missing boys were last seen (A)near the river.
A playing    B to be playing      C played    D to play
6.(C)in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A Losing       B Having lost      C Lost    D To see
7.-What do you think of the school?
-It is a very good (A).
A school to study in
B school for children to study
C studying school
D school to study
8.-Did you get a job?
-No,I (B),but it's no use.
A expected     B tried to     C managed to     D planned
9.-I usually go to Shanghai by train.
-Why not (B)there by boat for a change?
A to try to go        B try going     C to try going      D try to go
10.(A)a living,she had to work from morning till night.
A To make     B Made     C Making     D To have made
11.I would rather starve to death than (A)for food.
A beg      B begging      C begged     D to beg
12.The boy pretended (C)when his mother entered.
A reading     B to read      C to be reading       D being read
Homework
Review不定式的用法